Journal: International journal of molecular sciences

Article Title: KYNA Ameliorates Glutamate Toxicity of HAND by Enhancing Glutamate Uptake in A2 Astrocytes.

doi: 10.3390/ijms25084286

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. Effects of α7nAChR antagonist (MLA) and agonist (PNU−282987) on A2 astro- cyte formation. (A,D) The mRNA expression profiles of A2−specific genes in the MLA−and PNU−282987−treated primary astrocytes. (B) Trophic factor content in the supernatant of primary astrocytes. Expression levels of GFAP (C,G) and C3 (F,H) in MLA−and PNU−282987−treated primary astrocytes. (E) mRNA expression profiles of trophic factors in PNU−282987−treated A2 astrocytes. (I,J) Glutamate content in the supernatant of MLA and PNU−282987−treated primary astrocytes. * represents comparison with control group. NS means p > 0.05, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. $ represents comparison with HIV-1 gp120 group. $ represents p < 0.05, $$$ represents p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Astrocytes with cell > 98% purity were identified by GFAP immunofluorescence staining (1:200 dilution, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA, 16825-1-AP).

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison, Control

Journal: International journal of molecular sciences

Article Title: KYNA Ameliorates Glutamate Toxicity of HAND by Enhancing Glutamate Uptake in A2 Astrocytes.

doi: 10.3390/ijms25084286

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. The effect of NF−κB antagonist (Bay11−7085) on A2 astrocytes. (A) A2−specific gene mRNA expression profile of Bay11−7085−treated primary astrocytes. (B) Trophic factor content in the supernatant of primary astrocytes. (C) Quantification of C3 and GFAP expression levels in primary astrocytes by Western blot. (D) Glutamate content in the supernatant of Bay11−7085−treated primary astrocytes. (E) Immunofluorescence images showing the expression of EAAT2 in primary astrocytes (scale bar: 10 µm). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Astrocytes with cell > 98% purity were identified by GFAP immunofluorescence staining (1:200 dilution, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA, 16825-1-AP).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence

Journal: International journal of molecular sciences

Article Title: KYNA Ameliorates Glutamate Toxicity of HAND by Enhancing Glutamate Uptake in A2 Astrocytes.

doi: 10.3390/ijms25084286

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 11. Effects of intraperitoneal injection of KYN and PROB on mouse brain A2 astrocytes. (A) Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of GFAP on cortical and hippocam- pal brain sections from gp120+/α7nAChR−/−mice and gp120 tgm mice (scale bar: 50 µM). (B) A1 astrocyte marker C3 protein levels in mouse cerebrospinal fluid. (C) ELISA detected trophic factor levels in mouse cerebrospinal fluid. The mRNA expression profiles of A2−specific genes (D) and trophic factor genes (E) in mouse brain parenchyma. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Astrocytes with cell > 98% purity were identified by GFAP immunofluorescence staining (1:200 dilution, Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA, 16825-1-AP).

Techniques: Injection, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Marker, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Expressing